Sometimes, fatty deposits or plaque (PLAK) build up within the heart's major artery, causing the vessel to harden and constrict. This condition, known as coronary artery disease or CAD (C-A-D), may cause symptoms such as chest pain and shortness of breath. Further, the plaque can become brittle, rupture, stimulate blood clot formation, and fully obstruct the artery, possibly leading to heart attack or myocardial infarction (MY-oh-CARD-ee-uhl in-FARK-shun). Fortunately, a procedure called coronary artery bypass surgery may be performed to open a clear passage for blood flow to the heart and relieve CAD symptoms. A bypass involves transplanting large, healthy blood vessels from the chest and leg, and carefully grafting them into position on the coronary artery so as to 'bypass' the obstruction. Generally, these new vessels aren't as susceptible to plaque build up and help improve heart function for many years. A bypass operation is usually most helpful when CAD is limited to a small area, yet has not responded to medication. Also, it's generally not considered in cases involving additional aspects of heart disease. A coronary bypass may result in decreased chest pain, an improved ability to exercise, and a reduced need for medication. However, the surgery doesn't actually cure the underlying coronary artery disease. Typically, the bypass operation should be followed by healthy lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking, eating a low-fat diet, and maintaining a steady exercise program.
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